The prospective association between sleep deprivation and depression among adolescents.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To examine the prospective, reciprocal association between sleep deprivation and depression among adolescents. DESIGN A community-based two-wave cohort study. SETTING A metropolitan area with a population of over 4 million. PARTICIPANTS 4,175 youths 11-17 at baseline, and 3,134 of these followed up a year later. MEASUREMENTS Depression is measured using both symptoms of depression and DSM-IV major depression. Sleep deprivation is defined as ≤ 6 h of sleep per night. RESULTS Sleep deprivation at baseline predicted both measures of depression at follow-up, controlling for depression at baseline. Examining the reciprocal association, major depression at baseline, but not symptoms predicted sleep deprivation at follow-up. CONCLUSION These results are the first to document reciprocal effects for major depression and sleep deprivation among adolescents using prospective data. The data suggest reduced quantity of sleep increases risk for major depression, which in turn increases risk for decreased sleep.